Leadership Style Douglas Mcgregor s Theory X - 767 Words

Before we examine the core characteristics of autocratic leadership in terms of the four key characteristics of the theory and the way autocratic leadership can manifest, it’s auspicious to consider the theoretical basis of the leadership style: Douglas McGregor’s Theory X. Theory X Autocratic leadership style closely rests on the assumptions made in Douglas McGregor’s Theory X. The theory explains why people behave the way they do and if they are acting in a particular way, what kind of leadership style would be beneficial for them The social psychologist studied human motivation and management in the 1960s and developed two distinct theories: Theory X and Theory Y. According to McGregor’s findings, leader base their management style in the assumptions and beliefs of how they think the team can be motivated. If the leader assumes the team is not motivated and doesn’t enjoy the work, then the leader will adopt an authoritarian or autocratic style. The below image outlines the assumptions both theories make about the subordinates and their motivation: Source: Business Case Studies While McGregor criticised the Theory X type of management style, the psychologist also recognised that these types of subordinates exists and that certain environments would require an autocratic leadership style to succeed. For example, he suggested the style would work well in environments that require large-scale production or have a number of unskilled workers in place. The theory is,Show MoreRelatedDouglas Mcgregor Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Behavior 1 June 2010 Douglas McGregor: The Father of Theory X; Theory Y Douglas McGregor is one of the founding fathers of organizational behavior management thinking. As a social psychologist, McGregor is most known for his Theory X and Theory Y from his 1960 book The Human Side of Enterprise, which revolutionized the view on how management should run the workplace. After earning an A B.E. Mechanical from Rangoon Institute of Technology, McGregor went on to earn an A.B. from WayneRead MoreDiscussion Board : Perspective, Theory, And Practice1468 Words   |  6 PagesPERSPECTIVE, THEORY, AND PRACTICE I will be clarifying how reading Theory X, Y, Z and watched the media piece, Theory, affected my definition of theory. I will be explaining the reasons why it might be useful to make a connection between actual management situations and theory. I will also explain how theory can inform the actual practice of management. I will provide an example of my own supported observation to maintain my statements. In Conclusion, I will explain which of management theories presentedRead MoreMcGregor’s Theory X and Y Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pagesprosperity. Therefore, the management theory is constantly developing. In 20th century, there were several management theories proposed such as scientific management, administrative management, behavioural management, etc. as increasingly aware of human are crucial element of the organisation and vital in influencing overall organisational performance, Douglas McGregor who studied about how workers’ behaviour effect the manager’s leadership, proposed Theory X and Y (Waddell et al. 2007). It is noRead MoreTheory X, Theory Y1389 Words   |  6 PagesTheory X, Theory Y by Douglas McGregor is a motivation theory. Douglas McGregor is a social psychologist and applied two sets of assumptions to the organizational structure called Theory X and Theory Y. His theory is based on managerial views of human beings. In his book, The Human Side of Enterprise, he outlined a new role for managers. He stated that managers should assist subordinates in reaching their full potential, rather than commanding and controlling. Theory X is negative and Theory Y canRead MoreMcgregor Theory X1067 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1960, Douglas McGregor an American psychologist formulated a theory that has changed the path of management thinking and practice. He proposed two sets of assumptions about employee s attitude and behaviour, so the manager will be in a better position to manage the workers and achieve organizational goals. McGregor named these assumptions as Theory X and Theory This essay would examine the pros and cons of this theory of employee motivation, followed by writer s opinion. (McGregor, 1960) Read MoreEssay about Theory Z2483 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Theory Z: The In-Between and Grey Area Name Here Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne 3/24/2013 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the popular Theory X and Theory Y made famous by Douglas McGregor in the 1960’s which offers a very â€Å"hard† and â€Å"soft† view of leadership and addresses the grey area that is not addressed in his theory. We will take a look at the theory that is relatively new and in many respects attempts to blend the best of both of McGregor’s theoriesRead MoreDouglas Mcgregor2560 Words   |  11 PagesBiographical Sketch of Douglas McGregor Douglas McGregor (1906 – 1964) is one of the forefathers of contemporary management thinking. A social psychologist, he is most notably known for his Theory X and Theory Y from his 1960 book, The Human Side of Enterprise, which had a profound influence on the management field. A B.E. Mechanical from Rangoon Institute of Technology, he then earned an A.B. from Wayne State University, and went on to study Psychology at Harvard University. Armed withRead MoreTheory X And Theory Of The Open System View1735 Words   |  7 Pagesof their time. This paper critically evaluates the theory established by McGregor i.e. Theory X and Theory Y and also theory of The Open System View. The paper will initially introduce to the theory. This will be followed by their contributions and limitations in managing employees today. According to Douglas, human behavior is motivated by the style of managers based on their belief. Theory X and Theory Y The assumption of McGregor depicted that all managers make certain assumptions ofRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Management Theories of Frederick Taylor, Henri Fayol, Elton Mayo and Douglas Mcgregor. in What Sense(S) Are These Theories Similar and/or Compatible? in What Sense(S) Are These Theories Dissimilar and/or Compatible? How Wo...1899 Words   |  8 Pagesand Henri Fayol generating management theories such as Taylor’ Scientific Management and Fayol’s Administrative Management. In the late 1920’s and early 1930’s the Hawthorne studies were conducted where Elton Mayo was the predominate figure and contributed to the Behavioural viewpoint. This brought about a Human Relations Movement which included Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y approach. Similarities and differences can be found between the theories due to the relevant time period they wereRead MoreCompare The Management Theories Of Frederick Taylor, Henri Fayol, Elton Mayo And Dou glas Mcgregor1855 Words   |  8 Pagesand Henri Fayol generating management theories such as Taylor’ Scientific Management and Fayol’s Administrative Management. In the late 1920’s and early 1930’s the Hawthorne studies were conducted where Elton Mayo was the predominate figure and contributed to the Behavioural viewpoint. This brought about a Human Relations Movement which included Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y approach. Similarities and differences can be found between the theories due to the relevant time period they were

Lady Liberty Free Essays

It was 1885 in New York City. A little boy named Frederick Bloomsmen was hurrying down the streets to get to his master’s shop. â€Å"Mayhap if I hurry, I’ll get to see Lady Liberty,† Frederick thought. We will write a custom essay sample on Lady Liberty or any similar topic only for you Order Now But as he ran along, he heard the town clock strike 6:00. â€Å"Oh no! I’ve got to make haste!† Frederick said desperately. Frederick had been delivering a saddle to the cart builder and had spent too long talking to the cart builder’s son. Slam! The door to his master’s store opened and shut as Frederick ran in. â€Å"Where have you been† Mr. Ezra (for that was Frederick’s master’s name) roared. â€Å"Delivering the saddle, sir, just as you asked me to,† Frederick answered timidly. â€Å"Well, you’re late!† Mr. Ezra boomed. It was finally Saturday, Frederick’s day off. He ran down the streets, as if racing the wind to see who could get to Lady Liberty skeleton first. Suddenly, he stopped still, for in a shop window sat the loveliest carved figure of Lady Liberty herself! His eyebrows slid up. He ran into the shop. â€Å"Excuse me, sir, how much money is that figure of Lady Liberty?† Frederick asked. â€Å"Well laddie, it’s worth 15 cents but I’m lowering the price to 10 cents.† â€Å"Ten cents,† Frederick’s head rang out as he ran home, â€Å"Where can I get such a fortune?† The next Monday, Frederick had almost forgotten the figurine. â€Å"Mr. Ezra, sir, may I please have my wages?† â€Å"All right, lad, but only because you haven’t been sassin’ me.† He opened the cash register and dropped a nickle into Frederick’s outstretched palm. Halfway there! Frederick’s head seemed to yell out with joy. Now he thought about how pretty that figure would look on Mama’s mantle. † I’ll give it to her for her next birthday,† he said aloud. â€Å"What was that, boy?† Mr. Ezra said. â€Å"Nothing,† Frederick said quickly, blushing bright red. The next morning after his chores were done, Frederick ran to the shop where the figure of Lady Liberty sat, to see if she was still there. Phew! There it was, looking as gorgeous as ever. The next week, Frederick got his wages. Another nickle! He finally had 10 cents. But as he walked down the roads he thought, â€Å"What if they need just 10 more cents to finish the Statue of Liberty?† And so silently he headed for the donation box. He listened to the cling as the coins dropped into the box. As the months flew by, Frederick’s birthday was drawing nearer. One day, as he was running down the streets to see the Statue of Liberty, a shopkeeper (actually the very one that carried the figurine of Lady Liberty) called out from his shop. â€Å"Frederick! Wait! I’ve got a birthday present for you!† So Frederick stopped and went inside the shop. The shopkeeper handed him a small box. â€Å"Open it,† he urged. As Frederick did so, his eyebrows slid up as his mouth went down. For there, beautifully arranged in a pile of white tissue paper, sat the figurine of Lady Liberty! Frederick felt dizzy with happiness as he left the shop. Mama’s birthday came just as quickly as Frederick’s had. Frederick re-wrapped Mama’s birthday present. When the time came for her to open it, her mouth dropped in surprise. â€Å"Why Frederick, where did you get this?† she asked in bewilderment, â€Å"It’s beautiful! I absolutely love it! I’ll put it on the mantle.† Frederick had to tell her the entire story, which was similar to the one I have just finished telling you now. How to cite Lady Liberty, Papers

Elements Of Drama free essay sample

The main, starting dead, the whole motive behind the play, the realization of what you want your audiences to feel and experience and what you want to produce. The theme can be looked at as basic careerists that you would have for your dream house, the kind of view that you want, the amount of land, the locality, basically the first steps in narrowing down on a concrete Idea for what you want. The next logical step in terms of getting a house is buying a plot of land, and the next logical element of Drama Is the plot as well. The plot Is an outline of the course of events, Its always In the present but can also include a flashback. The plot is the entire narration, the occurrences that bring out the theme, and comprise the whole story. Once you have your plot of land, you start building the structure of your house. We will write a custom essay sample on Elements Of Drama or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Similarly, the next element of Drama is the structure of the play, which comprises of the beginning, the explosion or the middle, which spills Into the transition, or the ending, which Inevitably results In some kind of resolution.Once the house Is ready, people move in and make the house a home; they infuse it with their energy, relationships, conflicts and personality. Like this, you must inject in characters and legislations to the structure to carry the plot forward. These characters can be realistic or imaginative or abstract. These characters are tools with which the drama is presented, the plot played out and the theme revealed. Another tool that is essential In Drama Is the use of language. The language In a play Is a form of expression, a direct confirmation for the direction that the plot is headed.The language can be symbolic; it must always give perspective and can even incorporate imagery. The language also has a tendency to spill into a fragmented form, and almost always as some sort of a texture, which basically translates into the overall feel of the characters and setting. This Is where sound value comes In, It Is Important to note that dictionary words have sound value too, even silence does, and it communicates the intellectual meaning of the word, or the sound in accordance to the feeling.For example, the word rough will still have the same sound value even if its said angrily or lovingly. Theatricality is created through conflict, without any conflict, the storyline will be static, the theme wont get across and it wont have any impact on the audience. Conflict is essential in drama, as it results in theatricality, the ups and downs in the storyline creates interest and is needed to establish the purpose of the play.Examples of conflict can vary from conflicts between two or more people, groups of people or even conflict within oneself, as in the character. The arousal of conflict generates suspense about the outcome of the conflict, which in turn helps the structure make sense and come together. The concluding and most practical aspect of Drama is the feasibility of the play. This takes into account the target audience, the recitalists, the objective or even the kind of actors that are required for the execution of the play.This aspect of Drama takes into consideration the technical and practical aspects of the play in terms of the requirements for its execution. In conclusion, all afore mentioned elements of Drama are instrumental in the becoming any play and provide a stable foundation for theatre productions to thrive on. Drama is a complex, diverse and wholesome form of expression, but there is a method behind its madness, a criteria and a process that validates or appreciates the dramaturgy of plays. By: Janis Kapok

Subjugation of Freedom in One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest free essay sample

The Subjugation of Freedom in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Ken Kesey’s book, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, is a multi-faceted work incorporating many thematic elements. One of the most easily addressable themes is that of freedom and its limitations placed upon the characters in the novel. Many types of freedoms are addressed ranging from the tangible and real to the perceived and implied. The setting primarily takes place in a mental hospital on a locked ward which limits the characters’ physical freedoms. The characters are constantly coerced and demeaned by the antagonist Ms. Ratched which limits their mental freedoms. Beneath all is a subtext of sexual repression which is constantly fought against by McMurphy. Individually, each of these subjugations might be tolerated given exclusions to the others, but together they weigh down the men to the point where their complete lack of freedom almost becomes a comfort. We will write a custom essay sample on Subjugation of Freedom in One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mental hospitals are typically secure facilities intended to provide a place for patients, whose symptoms range from minor to severe, to be secured and not be a danger to the rest of society while treatment is applied. The manner in which the patients are described in the story indicates that they are not severe mental cases but are those who are unable to function in society at large due to idiosyncrasies and minor hang-ups, yet they are housed in a ward where they are kept under lock and key, their movement is restricted to one day-room, and their activities are on a strictly regulated time-table. Most of the men have given up their physical freedom voluntarily with the expectation of treatment, mental healing and the eventual release back into society. McMurphy, on the other hand, was committed by the state and his sentence depends on the opinion of the Big Nurse, though he doesn’t realize this right away. Nurse Ratched does not resort to physical touch herself and instead uses the three ward aides to perform her physical brutality for her. McMurphy’s eventual goal is to get the other men out of the ward as much as possible because they have become too accustom to it. To do so all at once would likely be too great a shock so McMurphy starts inside the hospital with simply moving the group to another day room. Gradually, they are able to spend more time out of the ward with activities like basketball and the pool. The culmination of their unconventional therapy is the fishing trip where the men re-learn what real life outside the hospital can be like. Nurse Ratched doesn’t resort to physicality with the patients. She much prefers mental control and the main focus for her efforts of control. She has become a master of subtlety and misdirection. Before McMurphy arrives she has the men eager and willing to tattle on each other for tiny rewards. This information is then used in group therapy sessions where the idea is that the men can rely on each other for strength and the group will help lift them up, grow stronger and heal. What actually happens is each man takes it in turn to be attacked by the others for their faults. This is all orchestrated masterfully by Nurse Ratched who has but to ask a few simple pointed questions to get the fire burning. When she isn’t using the men’s own minds against them she drugs them to keep their thoughts slow, to keep them unmotivated and to keep them calm. Also in her arsenal is the threat of maximum mental punishment through shock therapy and lobotomy. Her technique is so perfectly insidious that the men work their hardest to please her to the detriment of each other and ultimately their own selves. She is able to perpetually keep the men in a state where they believe they need her and the hospitals help. Sex is used in the novel as a representation of total freedom. Its exercise is almost always portrayed by McMurphy who, through his general demeanor and newness to the hospital, is the most free, sexually, of any of the men. He is so free, that it has gotten him into trouble as he only seems to be able to act on impulse. Society is not able to deal with his complete abandon and he is eventually punished for it by having a piece of his brain removed. The rest of the men are all repressed mostly due to some problem they’ve had with the women in their lives. In fact, it is their inability to deal with women that brought them to the hospital in the first place. Women are portrayed throughout the book as the root of all men’s problems. Nurse Ratched is the penultimate figure of sexual repression. She does not acknowledge her femininity but hides it successfully, but for her bosom, beneath her sterile, pressed uniform. She is cold toward the men offering no real compassion and serves only to aggravate the men’s issues with women in general. Her power is finally stripped from her, quite literally, when McMurphy rips open her uniform revealing her breasts, the symbol of femininity; she is a woman after all. Limiting or removing freedom boils down to control. Those who restrict freedoms wish to exercise control upon those whose freedoms have been infringed. In the story, the restriction of all freedoms is personified and executed by the â€Å"Big Nurse,† Ms. Ratched. She symbolizes all forms of repression and is the face of the societal machine, whose purpose is to remove individuality and replace self-restraint with group shame. The implication Kesey suggests is that when a person isn’t free to move, free to think, or free to love then they cannot be a valuable, functioning member of society. Works Cited Kesey, Ken. One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest, a Novel. New York: Viking, 1962. Print.

Free Essays on Interview

Politics can have a very negative effect on one’s home life as was discovered by Mr. Bowbricks who first child was 6 months old when he first got elected. His second child was born while he was in government, and his absence from his family life was the major factor of his wife seeking divorce a year and a half into his term. Graeme does not blame politics for this however, for what politics can do though is amplify personal differences. If you are married to someone who does not share your passion for what you are doing and the values that you have, it is extremely hard to move past this and balance the two. If you are married to someone who does not care for politics, you cannot successfully partake in politics without having a family who is supportive and understanding and shares your passion for it. When Graeme Bowbrick was chosen to be the Attorney General for the NDP he was flattered as well as worried. He was only 34, yet already a cabinet minister and he had an important portfolio, which was to be Minister of Advanced Education, and there was a lot of money involved â€Å"†¦it is not as sticky as being the Attorney General. When you are the Attorney General you are constantly in the spot light, in the middle of difficult media stories, and that can be distracting.† His biggest worry was that because of his age there would be criticism that he was too young and inexperienced to be the Attorney General. Sure enough the day after becoming Attorney General, newspapers had begun stating in their columns that Graeme Bowbrick was too young, and not yet experienced enough to accept such an important position. However Mr. Bowbrick proudly reflects on the quick change of the media’s opinion as it soon became apparent that he was more than capable of fulfilling his required duties. Mr. Bowbrick also points out that in the 1950’s the longest serving Attorney General for British Columbia was only 32 years old when he was appointe... Free Essays on Interview Free Essays on Interview Politics can have a very negative effect on one’s home life as was discovered by Mr. Bowbricks who first child was 6 months old when he first got elected. His second child was born while he was in government, and his absence from his family life was the major factor of his wife seeking divorce a year and a half into his term. Graeme does not blame politics for this however, for what politics can do though is amplify personal differences. If you are married to someone who does not share your passion for what you are doing and the values that you have, it is extremely hard to move past this and balance the two. If you are married to someone who does not care for politics, you cannot successfully partake in politics without having a family who is supportive and understanding and shares your passion for it. When Graeme Bowbrick was chosen to be the Attorney General for the NDP he was flattered as well as worried. He was only 34, yet already a cabinet minister and he had an important portfolio, which was to be Minister of Advanced Education, and there was a lot of money involved â€Å"†¦it is not as sticky as being the Attorney General. When you are the Attorney General you are constantly in the spot light, in the middle of difficult media stories, and that can be distracting.† His biggest worry was that because of his age there would be criticism that he was too young and inexperienced to be the Attorney General. Sure enough the day after becoming Attorney General, newspapers had begun stating in their columns that Graeme Bowbrick was too young, and not yet experienced enough to accept such an important position. However Mr. Bowbrick proudly reflects on the quick change of the media’s opinion as it soon became apparent that he was more than capable of fulfilling his required duties. Mr. Bowbrick also points out that in the 1950’s the longest serving Attorney General for British Columbia was only 32 years old when he was appointe...

Filtration Definition and Processes (Chemistry)

Filtration Definition and Processes (Chemistry) Filtration is a process used to separate solids from liquids or gases using a filter medium that allows the fluid to pass through but not the solid. The term filtration applies whether the filter is mechanical, biological, or physical. The fluid that passes through the filter is called the filtrate. The filter medium may be a surface filter, which is a solid that traps solid particles, or a depth filter, which is a bed of material that traps the solid. Filtration is typically an imperfect process. Some fluid remains on the feed side of the filter or embedded in the filter media and some small solid particulates find their way through the filter. As a chemistry and engineering technique, there is always some lost product, whether its the liquid or solid being collected. Examples of Filtration While filtration is an important separation technique in a laboratory, its also common in everyday life. Brewing coffee involves passing hot water through the ground coffee and a filter. The liquid coffee is the filtrate. Steeping tea is much the same, whether you use a tea bag (paper filter) or tea ball (usually, a metal filter).The kidneys are an example of a biological filter. Blood is filtered by the glomerulus. Essential molecules are reabsorbed back into the blood.Air conditioners and many vacuum cleaners use HEPA filters to remove dust and pollen from the air.Many aquariums use filters containing fibers that capture particulates.Belt filters recover precious metals during mining.Water in an aquifer is relatively pure because it has been filtered through sand and permeable rock in the ground. Filtration Methods There are different types of filtration. Which method is used depends largely on whether the solid is a particulate (suspended) or dissolved in the fluid. General Filtration: The most basic form of filtration is using gravity to filter a mixture. The mixture is poured from above onto a filter medium  (e.g., filter paper) and gravity pulls the liquid down. The solid is left on the filter, while the liquid flows below it.Vacuum Filtration: A  Bà ¼chner flask and hose are used to create a vacuum to suck the fluid through the filter (usually with the aid of gravity). This greatly speeds the separation and can be used to dry the solid. A related technique uses a pump to form a pressure difference on both sides of the filter. Pump filters do not need to be vertical because gravity is not the source of the pressure difference on the sides of the filter.Cold Filtration: Cold filtration is used to quickly cool a solution, prompting the formation of small crystals. This is a method used when the solid is initially dissolved. A common method is to place the container with the solution in an ice bath prior to filtration.Hot Filtration: In hot filtration, the solution, filter, and funnel are heated to minimize crystal formation during filtration. Stemless funnels are useful because there is less surface area for crystal growth. This method is used when crystals would clog the funnel or prevent crystallization of the second component in a mixture. Sometimes filter aids are used to improve flow through a filter. Examples of filter aids are silica, diatomaceous earth, perlite, and cellulose. Filter aids may be placed on the filter prior to filtration or mixed with the liquid. The aids can help prevent the filter from clogging and can increase the porosity of the cake or feed into the filter. Filtration vs. Sieving A related separation technique is sieving. Sieving refers to use of a single mesh or perforated layer to retain large particles​ while allowing the passage of smaller ones. In contrast, during filtration, the filter is a lattice or has multiple layers. Fluids follow channels in the medium to pass through a filter. Alternatives to Filtration There are more effective separation methods than filtration for some applications. For example, for very small samples in which its important to collect the filtrate, the filter medium may soak up too much of the fluid. In other cases, too much of the solid can become trapped in the filter medium. Two other processes that can be used to separate solids from fluids are decantation and centrifugation. Centrifugation involves spinning a sample, which forces the heavier solid to the bottom of a container. In decantation, the fluid is siphoned or poured off of the solid after it has fallen out of solution. Decantation can be used following centrifugation or on its own.

Outsourcing implications and impacts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Outsourcing implications and impacts - Essay Example With the passage of time, when the size of companies increases as compared to their resources then â€Å"outsourcing† becomes a final choice In this scenario, they outsource their business operations to some outside firm and put attention on their core business activities. However, throughout the outsourcing procedure, it is essential for the company to clearly explain its particular organisational requirements, select the exact suppliers, administer the change process efficiently, manage the outsourcing relationship with suppliers effectively, and simultaneously build up a continuing affiliation with the supplier (Cooke et al., 2005). This report discusses a detailed overview of the concept â€Å"outsourcing†. This basic aim of this research is to explore the implications of outsourcing and the longer-term impact of outsourcing for the strategic and operational roles of the logistics and supplies functions. Outsourcing: An overview After 1990 there emerged a fashion in business reformation towards a ‘focus on core processes’ and outsourcing of other activities in different corporate operations. In this scenario, corporations looking for to pay attention on their core business have a propensity for outsourcing non-core processes to other firms that are experts in these domains. Outsourcing is defined as the agreement with a different corporation or individual to perform a specific job. Approximately every business subcontracts in several ways. Usually, the task being subcontracted is recognized noncore to the corporate. For example, an insurance company might outsource its janitorial as well as background processes to businesses that focus on those kinds of work as they are not associated to insurance or else premeditated to the company. In this regard, the outside firms those are offering the subcontracting services are called 3rd party supplier, or as they are further normally acknowledged as service suppliers. At present, outsourci ng includes a lot of varieties. Additionally, the corporations so far engage service supplier to effectively manage different business functions, for instance remuneration administration. On the other hand, some businesses outsource the entire operations. In this scenario, the majority ordinary types of outsourcing include information technology outsourcing (ITO) and business process outsourcing (BPO). In simple words, outsourcing is a practice of contracting computer related operations, telecommunication networks, call center services or application development to external vendors (Sourcingmag, 2011; Flecker, 2009; Yakhlef, 2009; Laudon & Laudon, 1999, p.381). Implications In ever-increasing competitive business world, corporations put attention on core processes and subcontract non-core processes to other firms. At present, majority of businesses is accepting business process outsourcing (BPO), which refers to outsourcing of non-core business activities in addition to supporting i nformation technology. Moreover, at present for the companies can outsource virtually anything they could care for. There are lots of outsourcing examples such as graphic design work, marketing company products and services, by means of a mixture of virtual assistant services (Adam, 2009), (Maelah et al., 2010; Banerjee & Williams, 2009). A lot of organisations have outsourced their business processes to outside firms for instance, last year Hewitt Associates bought Exult and recently more than 420 USD were paid by the Electronic Data Systems in scenario of human resources outsourcing division of Towers Perrin. There is another example in which the services of Mellon Financial Corp.'s human resources consulting

Did the international discontinuities that resulted from the treaties Term Paper

Did the international discontinuities that resulted from the treaties ending World War I led to World War II - Term Paper Example Later, they were joined by Bulgaria. There is no a single agreed date on which the war ended. However, many historians point to the signing of the Treaty of Versailles as the beginning of the end of the state of war, even though actual fighting had stopped several months earlier. It was after the treaty was signed that many soldiers that were serving abroad began to return to their countries. Besides the Treaty of Versailles, the ratification of several other peace treaties led to the end of the First World War. The Paris Peace Conference initiated and imposed these treaties (Trachtenberg, 2000). This paper answers the question posed in the title above in the affirmative. In order to justify this position, the Treaty of Versailles and four other treaties will be examined, and an attempt made to illustrate how they led to the Second World War. These other four treaties are the Treaties of Saint-Germain, Trianon, SÃ ¨vres and Lausanne. As the Treaty of Versailles was the most important of them all, more space will be devoted to it. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on the 28th day of June in 1919, precisely five years after Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria was assassinated. Their assassination in Sarajevo had triggered World War I on the 28th day of June in 1914. The Treaty of Versailles brought to an end the state of war that had persisted between Germany and the Allied Powers (Trachtenberg, 2000). Separate treaties dealt with the other Central Powers that were allied to Germany. The armistice ratified on the 11th day of November had ended the actual fighting. However, it took another six months of active negotiations at the Peace Conference of Paris to finalize the treaty. The Secretariat of the League of Nations incorporated the treaty on October 21, 1919 and printed it in the League of Nations Treaty Series. The Treaty of Versailles had many provisions. However, the single most important and most controversial

Misinterpretation of Symbols Essay Example for Free

Misinterpretation of Symbols Essay Now days people tend to have a fashion use for certain symbols such as the heart, cross, peace sign, etc. without taking in consideration that it might offend others. Symbols are used worldwide to represent many things like religion and emotions, but we have to keep in mind that some symbols look or are the same in many cultures but they do not always have the same meaning. Many societies have forgotten the original meaning of a symbol, replacing it with a more modern one, to prove this I decided to quiz four of my friends. I showed them five different symbols and asked them to tell me the first thing that came to their minds. The symbols I used consisted of four that have been around for many years and one relatively new. The pentagram, the inverted cross, the trident, the swastika and the heartogram. I started with the easiest one, the heartogram, which happens to be a logo created by the band HIM, though recently it has taken the meaning of love and hate or live and death. All four recognized this symbol from the band and knew the meanings for it. When I showed them the trident, three responded to represent the Devil, and one said it’s the symbol for Poseidon, the sea God. I was actually surprised that this was his first response, when I asked him why was his this first response he said was,† I remember seeing it in the ‘the Da Vinci code’ movie†. I am glad that he could remember such a tiny detail of that movie. Another famous symbol is the inverted cross, all four responded that it represents evil, the Devil and metal bands. They found it shocking when I informed them that before it had all those meanings, it originally is a trademark of Saint Peter, the first Pope, at first they did not believe me so I showed them what I had found on my research. Before Saint Peter was crucified he requested that he be crucified upside down because he did not feel worth of dying in the same way as Jesus. We all found ironic that those who wear this symbol to show their admiration to the Devil are actually showing humility towards God. The fourth symbol I showed my friends was the pentagram, again another symbol the before the twentieth century did not have any association with evil. All four of my friends said it represents the man, but that is not its only meaning. The first drawings found of the pentagram are of unknown meaning, but as time passed it became the symbol for many things. It has represented from marking the direction in Sumerian texts, represented the five visible planets, symbol to the planet Venus and the goddess, to being the official seal of the city of Jerusalem. It can represent the five elements, air, fire, earth, water and spirit. A more religious association is to the five wounds of Christ. One more thing that I found interesting is the layout of Washington DC, where some streets form the pentagram, with the pentagon being in the middle, the white house at the apex and the other monuments at the other points. Last we have the swastika; we all know it is a symbol that had been used by Hitler to represent racism and the â€Å"white supremacy† of neo-Nazis. Before the use that Hitler gave this symbol, it has also been used in Egypt, China and India. The swastika also represents the sun and the four directions in some cultures. When I was researching the swastika symbol I came across an article about the marines posing in a picture with the U. S. flagged as well as a flag with the notorious Nazi SS symbol. The marines though that the SS represented their own sniper scouts team. I came to the conclusion that not everything is as it appears to be, one must always be sure of the symbols they use in a daily life, we might offend many people without even knowing about it. In most of the cases were we happened to offend someone we can apologized for our ignorance. In the end I think all of us should take some time to learn about other cultures just as we ask those who come from around the world here to learn ours.

Influenza on the Western Front :: Journalism Media Studies Health Essays

Influenza on the Western Front NEW YORK--Reports have come in from London that the grippe has now closed his claws upon German troops. Although influenza has spread onto our side, leading doctors believe that the disease will not be so prevalent because the disease spreads [most readily in unhealthy conditions.] With the ever increasing proportion of German troops being reported to hospitals for influenza, the Kaiser is finding it difficult for them to mount a proper offensive against our hearty men. Confiscated letters of German soldiers describe just how widespread this epidemic is. "I feel so ill that I should like to report sick. Fever is rampant among us and already a whole lot of men are in the hospital. Every day more go in. As I have not yet had leave and am expecting to go any day, I shall not report sick yet anyway."1 People who have been reported to suffer from influenza are immobilized in hospital beds for 7 to 10 days. Symptoms suffered include body aches, muscle and joint pain, headache, a sore throat and an unproductive cough with occasionally harsh breathing, fevers raging from 100 to 104 F, sudden dizziness, weakness, and pain.2 It is most likely that influenza spreads so rapidly amongst German troops because they live in filthy trenches and small portions of rations. Such poor living conditions and weakened health provide an opportune chance for the Influenza to strike. Sergeant Bader boasts: "Those Germans do not have a prayer in this world to win. They have so many people falling down due to the grippe that it is making our job easier. The rest are so worn out that they do not have the strength to put up a fight. Most of my men are fine. The government keeps us well fed and clothed. My superiors tell me that staying clean and healthy is the best way to fight this disease. If this continues, we will win by winter." Weather will not hinder the spread among the German troops. For a while it has continued to rain and it seems likely to stay wet.3 Continual rainfall might dampen our troops' moral, but our hopes are high that our enemy will be removed. The origin and spread of the flu This new Spanish type flu has been reported to have originated in Berlin and other German cities and is being transferred into the trenches by men reporting back from their leave.

A Short Essay on Life Essay

In life, we come across many challenges. Some of them make us who we are while some tell us what we should be. Sometimes it is the opposite. There will be struggle, there will be bad days. Days which would never seem to end. Days which would go on and on, which would keep hurting us till the end. Many of us actually most would give up but the people who wont will be the ones to face the brighter side of the day. The night is darkest before dawn but how can we forget the rainbow after the rain? We understand to love, to give, to endure, to find pleasure, to please but what we do not understand is ourselves during all of this. Life can lie to us and no one will stop it, it can play all sorts of games with us without us even knowing because there is no one controlling it. But whatever happens in life happens for good. Good of all in it. Whatever decisions life takes for us is already planned by it and we must learn to accept it. We must come in terms with the fact that no matter how hard we try to fit in this imperfect world, it will never acknowledge us for who we are. We always feel like becoming everything else around us. But what we do not realize is that everyone wants to be happy in the end of the day. They just want to find someone who will love them and who will stand by them throughout. Throughout the stormy nights, throughout the lonely days, throughout all the cold memories.

Porcini’s Pronto

Porcini's Pronto: â€Å"Great Italian cuisine without the wait! † Porcini was opened in 1969 as a family-owned restaurant chain and its business was successful with 4% profit margin. Porcini’s was renowned with its attention to quality and price premium was relatively small compared to its quality and artful presentation. Porcini’s was able to maintain its high product and service quality mainly because it was a family-owned restaurant chain which gave considerable amount of control and of its safe approach on company expansion decisions.However, the management was also viewed as go-slow and comparing to its competitors like Olive Garden and other full-service chain restaurants like Denny's, Porcini’s brand recognition was much lower. The U. S. restaurants industry had three major segments: fast food, single location full-service restaurants, and full-service chain restaurants. Porcini's senior management came up with a Pronto concept which could possibly open up a new area which no one has entered yet.Key features of the Pronto concept included locations at interstate highway exits, Porcini's quality food and service with faster turnover of tables, and limited beer and wine selection. Main competitors would be fast food chain which has been operating along the interstate systems for decades and specifically targeting for travelers, and also full-service chain restaurants like Denny's. It will be critical to come up with a clear differentiator to its competitors, on both quality and service, and position itself against them.Chef Molise was taking it very serious on developing a special Pronto menu which would be less extensive with slightly lower price than Porcini’s traditional menu. Also, Halloran, who was Porcini’s HR director, put significant amount of effort onto recruiting the right people and form a â€Å"Pathfinder Team† with 3 or 4 outstanding Porcini’s employees at each new Pronto’s locati on. One full week of training and indoctrination in the rapid, quality service strategy and its implementation elements would be given.On the hiring side, it was a serious one. Pronto job applicants would have to pass several screens which include interviews with HR, then Pathfinder Team, and the manager. And a personality assessment test was given. It would seem logical and make sense to put focus on creating a customized menu, hiring the right people, and form a team with existing outstanding employees to bring current best practices to the new restaurants. However, it might be in the wrong direction or overkill sometimes.For the customized menu for Pronto, it was basically a stripped-down version of traditional Porcini’s menu, so what differentiated it from Porcini’s? And why customers should come to Pronto which had less menu choices, and not Porcini’s? Even though it’s a faster service didn’t mean customers would accept lower food quality, eve n just a slight one. And most importantly, Porcini’s didn’t ask if it mattered to them. On getting the right people for Pronto restaurants, was it actually a good idea to form a team with existing employees, while the business nature was much different?Porcini’s focused heavily on food and service quality, where Pronto focus on quick service experience without sacrificing much food and service quality. It would be doubtful if employees could switch their practice so easily and quickly. If they could not, imagine how it might impact the new hires in the team. In order to make sure Porcini's Pronto could maintain the same level of quality of food and service, a customer questionnaire system was created to collect information on customer satisfaction.The idea was great and it offered a discount card to customers who took the questionnaire, in order to bring up questionnaire completion rate and encourage repeat visits. However, the entire questionnaire focused only on food and service quality like meal quality, courtesy and efficiency of server, restaurant cleanliness etc. , with almost no questions around the time for taking orders, food serving, and pay bills etc. Also, questions like â€Å"are you traveling or live in the neighborhood? † could give a sense of what were the customer segments and did it align with the targeting customers originally.In addition, it should ask the customer to rank the importance of the factors, or simply ask the most important thing mattered to them e. g. Food, service, time, place etc. Without customers telling the importance of each factor, Porcini would have no clue on what to be focused on. Another set of metrics to be collected would be metrics around internal operations e. g. how long to seat a customer and take her order, to prepare a typical entree, and so forth. This could be done by having secret shoppers for instance, and it would be valuable information.After all, the Pronto concept was to of fer â€Å"Great Italian cuisine without the wait†, if Porcini could not guarantee acceptable table turnover time, success could not be claimed. In order to grow the business, there were three options: company-owned, franchising, and syndication. First of all, what do we want to focus on? At the very beginning, Pronto should not be expanded too quickly before it could find out and establish the winning strategy. The first few restaurants were crucial and steps should take slow.Also, full control should be obtained otherwise it could easily go out of track. Also, the failure rate of franchising was pretty big. Porcini’s could not afford to have restaurants closed down and affected its brand name. Syndication could give Porcini’s full control on restaurant operations. It would also be easier to get a good location as prime undeveloped locations were mostly owned by investors. However, upfront costs were high. At this point like a testing phase, it would be better t o take a slower and less costly approach before Pronto concept proved itself to be success.Company-owned would be the best option to start with and Porcini’s should consider franchising and syndication after seeing profits from the Pronto restaurants and also a reliable standards could be come up which could be applied quick to many restaurants. To conclude, the Pronto concept was aimed at a market space where no one had entered before and Porcini’s wanted to claim this space. However, an important question to ask would be why no one entered this space in the first place? Or did anyone entered but failed?It seems that in order to deliver good quality of food and service while making it a â€Å"Pronto† service is a big challenge itself. Not to mention the target customers are along the interstate highways, are they looking for good quality of food, fast service, or a nice place to chill? Seems that Pronto concept consists of all these elements, however, none of t hem is a real differentiator. Porcini’s management will definitely need to think about positioning and competitive advantage which Pronto could bring to the table.

When To Use or Omit Subject Pronouns in Spanish

When To Use or Omit Subject Pronouns in Spanish Subject pronouns in Spanish are a lot like medicine - theyre often essential, but their use should be avoided when theyre not necessary. Overuse of subject pronouns - the equivalent of words such as he, she and they - is common among English speakers learning Spanish. Its important to remember that in Spanish the verb forms often make subject pronouns unnecessary, and when thats the case the pronouns shouldnt be used unless theres a reason to. When To Not Use Subject Pronouns Here is a sampling of sentences where pronouns are unnecessary. In all these examples, the context or verb forms make clear who is performing the action of the verb. Voy al supermercado. I am going to the supermarket. (The verb voy can refer only to the person speaking.) ¿Adà ³nde vas? Where are you going? (The verb vas necessarily refers to the person being spoken to.)Roberto no est en casa.  ¿Fue al supermercado? Roberto isnt at home. Did he go to the supermarket? (Standing alone, the second sentence might be unclear about who the subject is. But in context, it is obvious that Roberto is being referred to.)Nieva. It is snowing. (Nevar, the verb for to snow, is used only  in the third-person singular form and doesnt need an accompanying subject.) What Are the Subject Pronouns? Of course, not all sentences will be as clear as those are without explicit reference to the subject. Here are the subject pronouns in Spanish with their English equivalents: yo - Ità º - you (informal or familiar singular)usted - you (formal singular)à ©l, ella - he, shenosotros, nosotras - we (the first form refers to a group of males or males and females, while the second form refers to females only)vosotros, vosotras - you (informal or familiar plural; the first form refers to a group of males or males and females, while the second form refers to females only; this pronoun is seldom used in most parts of Latin America)ustedes - you (formal plural)ellos, ellas - they (the first form refers to a group of males or males and females, while the second form refers to females only) See the lesson on tà º and usted for distinguishing which form of you should be used. Note that there is no pronoun listed for it as a subject; in sentences where wed use the subject it in English, the use of the third-person verb nearly always makes a pronoun unnecessary. When To Use Subject Pronouns To avoid ambiguity: Context doesnt always make clear who the subject is, and some verb forms are ambiguous. Yo tenà ­a un coche. (I had a car. Out of context, tenà ­a could mean I had, you had, he had or she had. If the context makes the subjects clear, the pronouns normally wouldnt be used.) Juan y Marà ­a son alumnos. Él estudia mucho.  (John and Mary are students. He studies a lot. Without the pronoun, it is impossible to tell whom the second sentence refers to.) For emphasis: In English, unlike Spanish, we often use verbal stress to emphasize a pronoun. For example, if a strong emphasis is placed on the I in I am going to the supermarket, the understood meaning of the sentence might be I (and not somebody else) am going to the supermarket or possibly I am going to the supermarket (and Im proud of myself). In Spanish, one could similarly add an emphasis by using the grammatically unnecessary pronoun: Yo voy al supermercado. Similarly, haz tà º lo que tà º quieres could be understood as you do what you want (and see if I care). Change of subject: When contrasting two subjects, the pronouns are frequently used. Yo estudio y à ©l escucha el està ©reo. Im studying and hes listening to the stereo. Nosotros somos pobres, pero à ©l es rico. (Were poor, but hes rich.) Note that in English you might use intonation - putting stress on were and hes - to add emphasis. But such stress in Spanish would be unnecessary, as using the pronouns takes care of adding the emphasis. Usted and ustedes: Even where not strictly necessary, usted and ustedes are sometimes included and can add a degree of politeness.  ¿Cà ³mo est (usted)? How are you? Espero que (ustedes) vayan al cine. I hope you are going to the movies.

A Comparison Of The Naïve And Beautiful Style In The Films By Hayao Miami My Neighbor Tororo, Spirited Away And The Wind Rises

A Comparison Of The Naà ¯ve And Beautiful Style In The Films By Hayao Miami My Neighbor Tororo, Spirited Away And The Wind Rises When you think of Japanese animation, he is the man that comes to mind. A man who is dedicated to his craft, he works at least 12 hours, sometimes not even eating, hand-drawing by himself the storyboards for all his movies. When Spirited Away won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, he chose not to go to the award show stating, â€Å"I didn’t want to visit a country that was bombing Iraq†. He is most noted for his fascination with flight and for not having the typical hero vs unsympathetic antagonist. Especially in his movie Princess Mononoke where the antagonist, Eboshi, could have been your classic evil villain, she just wants to help bring up the mining town she lives in while, but at the same time she is taking the forest gods’ habitat. This has made him very controversial and has even branded him as a feminist, pacifist, and even as a traitor to the Japanese, but to most, Hayao Miyazaki is simply their childhood. Through his films all of his films, i ncluding Spirited Away, My Neighbor Totoro, and The Wind Rises, Hayao Miyazaki emanates a very innocent and wondrous style. In all three movies the lighting choices help convey this style. In Spirited Away, when Chihiro sees No-Face standing outside the bath house in the rain, the soft lighting on No-Face’s face tells the viewer that he is an innocent and timid spirit. This lighting technique is also showed when No-Face tries to give Chihiro a handful of gold nuggets. In My Neighbor Totoro there is a scene where Satsuki, Mei, and Totoro are laying on a field enjoying the beauty of the world. The scene is flooded with high key light which emphasize the natural wonder and beauty of the world. A romantic vision of a world Hayao Miyazaki creates where things were simpler, a world of the old Japan. Both techniques of soft lightning and high key lighting are used in The Wind Rises. When Jiro is flying on the wing of a plane in a dream, the sun shines on Jiro’s face and fills the scene with high key light. It shows the wonder of Jiro’s dreams and of flight and shows another innocent world wh ere Jiro’s zero fighter planes are not used for war. The camera movements in Hayao Miyazaki’s movies also help convey his feelings into his directing style. In The Wind Rises the camera zooms in on Jiro’s face while he is dreaming of flying on a plane. It shows the innocence of Jiro’s dreams, because he cannot become a pilot himself, and the wonder and fascination he has with flying. In both My Neighbor Totoro and Spirited Away dolly tracking is employed in flying scenes. When Chihiro is riding on Haku and they are flying through the air and when Satsuki and Mei are holding onto Totoro who flies through the air with his screaming and an umbrella. The camera follows them to show the feeling of flying through the air. The wonder that is to touch the sky, The costumes for Hayao Miyazaki’s characters also show an innocent and wondrous style. In the scene where Satsuki, Mei, Totoro, and friends dance around the magic tree they have their pajamas on. This shows to the audience that they are still innocent. They are children who are simply playing with their new friend and learning more about the world. Innocence is also shown through Chihiro’s work clothes at the bath house. This set of clothes shows the true innocence of the child in Chihiro who used to whiny and pessimistic. After staying in the bath house and meeting Haku, Chihiro changes into a determined young girl who breaks Haku’s curse and her parents’ curse. In The Wind Rises Giovanni Caproni’s costume in Jiro’s dreams is a navy blue suit with a red tie. This contrasts with Jiro, who has a pale lavender suit and wears light colors during the film. This shows how Giovanni, who Jiro dreams of actually meeting, is a man of wonder to Jiro. Hayao Miyazaki’s films all remind us of the innocence of our childhood yet still fill us with wonder today. Through a 50 year career he has created master pieces that will go down in history. From his first movie, The Castle of Cagliostro, to his final, The Wind Rises, Hayao Miyazaki has moved generations and will continue to long after my time. His own personal style will continue to influence generations of animators to come.

Support the argument that warfare in the Napoleonic era is Essay

Support the argument that warfare in the Napoleonic era is fundamentally similar to warfare as it practicted today - Essay Example Today, we look back to the Napoleonic era and we find a direct link in the military reforms and tactics that were used during the 1792-1815 French revolution having a direct impact on our very own military structures and organizations (Brian 46). France revolution was the of a monarch regime breaking loose and transforming into a nation founded on equality for all. This evidently was not an easy process as it meant doing away with monarchial rule, the nobles and breaking free from the church. It also meant that people would seize from being referred to as subjects, and embrace citizens as a title (Stewart 29). This was a task that had the rest of Europe at odds with France. Late 1791, the French King sought the help of other Europe rulers to aid in his reinstatement. This officially resulted in the emergence of the French revolution in April 1792; with the French new nation aiming at bring change through battle throughout Europe. Their first victory was marked in Belgium at the end o f 1792 (Paul 25). The French armies were now composed of talented men from all parts and class of France as with a nation structure, citizens were all equals unlike subjects who were greatly divided by the class system. This was one of the strengths of the French military as with such a tactic, it had more soldiers at its disposal than others (Brian 45). Moreover with a common goal, and the zeal to overcome whatever form of obstacles, the French military had a bond that was previously scarcely heard of in Europe, the ‘trust’ bond. Soldiers from France were able to with ease exploit tactical maneuvers hence breaking logistical constrains a factor that proved to be advantageous in battle and a contributor to their numerous successes in the fields (Stewart 29). War had been declared and the first coalition was formed by seven nations namely: United Provinces, Great Britain, Spain, Austria, and Prussia. This was at the beginning of 1793, marking the beginning of the 23years of struggle by France against these Nations. This is what created the need of an exceptional military leader who could face up to this challenge (Paul 25).The leadership of the French army was dynamic and strategic, especially since March 1796 when the great Napoleon Bonaparte took over the position of general. Napoleon was a brilliant soldier, a genius of sorts. He was a leader who could gather troops of up to 300,000 or more troops and maneuver them to success against their enemies as was the case in 1812 in Russia. The treaty of Campo Formio is an evidence of the organized and brilliance of Napoleon as a French army leader as it resulted from the defeat of Sardinian and Austrian forces back in Italy that led to French domination of the Belgium and Luxembourg then known as Austrian Netherlands. These two regions were the first additions of the now growing French Republic (Stewart 30). The French made organizational changes to their army that increased there lethality and sparked military reform in other states. Under the governance of Napoleon, greatness was curved for France and other states. Napoleon went by

Merger of HSBC and Oman international bank Essay

Merger of HSBC and Oman international bank - Essay Example Using secondary research and quantitative analysis, this research aimed at testing how the hypothesis that mergers incurring high leverage levels succeed under normal markets. The study results show that mergers incurring high leverage levels also incur higher financial risks. Contemporary business models face various challenges among them competitiveness of rivals and economic landscape. The unpredictability of the economic environment has pushed companies to take various measures among them mergers and acquisitions. Since this research is focused on mergers, it considers mergers as the collaboration of two mature business entities. Mergers have different meanings to different entities. To the most important stakeholders, the parent companies, use mergers are partnering to explore a common business interest. On the other hand, mergers mean the teamwork between businesses with a common business goal. The difference between business goals and business interests is that the former indicates the plan of a business and how it plans on meeting various financial and operational goals. On the other hand, business interests involve common ambitions as well as shared vision of taking opportunities head on. However, business interest take on the assumption that the market has a gap that the merging companies have to collaborate to ensure success is achieved in the most financially and economically effective manner possible. Five types of merges are identified within the business environment. Among these includes the horizontal, product extension, market extension, vertical, and conglomeration. Horizontal mergers involve two companies which are in direct competition with each other. The motive of this type of merger is to cut down on competition and maximize on factors that can improve the economic footing of both companies. Vertical mergers include a customer and company.

History of Texas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History of Texas - Essay Example e Indians and the Spaniards, who then decided to adopt the encomienda system, which seemed to be less destructive to the Indians, but was exploitative in nature (Ewers 82). Initially, the Spanish priests and explorers had recorded thousands of ethnic groups who had dominated the region for approximately 300 years. The names of the ethnic groups changed frequently, and they ranged from 100 to 500 persons. In 1690, the population of Indians in Texas and North Eastern Mexico was estimated tom lie in between 86,100 and 999,000 people. 15,000 of the Indians used to live in the Rio Grande delta (Ewers 82). After the introduction of smallpox and slavery, the Coahuiltecans were decimated in the Monterrey region. Since the Spanish expansion was a remote one, the Coahuiltecans did not suffer significantly from the diseases that the Europeans introduced to them as well as the slave raids that they undertook in Northern Mexico. However, in 1718 after the mission that was carried out by the Franciscan Roman Catholic at San Antonio, the population of the Indians went down significantly because of the smallpox epidemics that began in 1739 (Ewers 83). Before 1825, most of the Indian ethnic groups had gone down, and those that remained were rapt by the Hispanic population that was situated in Texas as well as Mexico (Ewers 84). Therefore, it is evident that the introduction of epidemics to the Indians in Texas led to the elimination of the ethnic groups as well as their

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Policy Analysis

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Policy Analysis Policy Analysis on Female Genital Mutilation FGM The policy on Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), adopted by the Human Rights Commission of Ontario, Canada, in 1996 (and further revised it in 2000) acknowledges the practice as an internationally recognized violation against women and girls human rights and looks at the domestic implications of Canadas obligations as a signatory to international conventions and treaties which recognize FGM as a human rights violation. The policys focus is on the practice of FGM in Canada by immigrant groups who have brought the practice to the country from their countries of origin in Africa and parts of the Middle East and Asia. The policy looks at human rights issues as well as health, social and criminal law concerns. The Ontario Commission acknowledges the complex social and cultural roots of FGM and the need for dialogue and education initiatives within the at-risk communities in Ontario and across Canada. However, it underlines that arguments based on a defence of cultural or religious values sh ould not be accepted as justification for the practice, nor for discriminating against women who have been subjected to, or perceived to have been subjected to, genital mutilation. Significantly, immigrant groups and advocacy organizations in Canada have acknowledged the need to deal with FGM as an internationally recognized health and human rights concern. This essay will first of all define FGM and look at the reasons the practice has survived in some regions despite international condemnation. It will also give a summary of the key elements of the Ontario Commissions policy, the arguments it uses to justify its actions and also show that in this case, the need to protect and promote the rights of women and girls is more important than concerns of cultural imperialism. The policy adopted by the Human Rights Commission of Ontario on FGM is based on the over-arching argument that the importance of good health to a womans well-being and that of her family and society cannot be overstated. Without reproductive health and freedom, women cannot fully exercise their fundamental human rights, such as those relating to education and employment. Womens disproportionate poverty, low social status, and reproductive role expose them to high health risks, resulting in needless and largely preventable suffering and deaths. The benefits of eliminating the harmful and painful practice of FGM are easily demonstrated, yet the practice persists for cultural and traditional reasons. FGM is a gender-specific violation of the rights of girls and women to physical integrity. Over the years, FGM has become recognized not only as a health hazard and a form of violence against women and girls, but also as a human rights issue under international law. Efforts at the international level, particularly by United Nations agencies, have placed FGM on womens health and human rights agendas. FGM is practised by many ethnic groups, from the east to the west coast of Africa, in southern parts of the Arabian peninsula, along the Persian Gulf and among some migrants from these areas in Europe, Australia and North America. It has also been reported in some minority groups in India, Malaysia and Indonesia. In these societies, FGM is considered a rite of passage preparing young girls for womanhood and marriage. However, often performed without anaesthetic under septic conditions, FGM or female circumcision as it is sometimes called, can cause death or permanent health problems as well as severe pain. Despite these grave risks, its practitioners look on it as an integral part of their cultural and ethnic identity, and some perceive it as a religious obligation. The most severe form of FGM, infibulation, which involves removal of the clitoris, results in trauma that is repeated after each childbirth. In many communities FGM is believed to reduce a womans libido, and thereby is further believed to help her resist illicit sexual acts. Cultural ideals of femininity and modesty, which include the notion that girls are clean and beautiful is also another reason for which FGM is carried out (WHO). The practice has been condemned in many international fora and by womens groups as a manifestation of gender inequality and an attempt by society to exert total control over women. In countries where FGM is widely practised, however, it is often supported by both men and women, usually without question, and anyone departing from the norm may face condemnation, harassment. It is often practised even when it is known to inflict harm upon girls because the perceived social benefits of the practice are deemed higher than its disadvantages (UNICEF, 2005a). Though no religious scriptures prescribe the practice, practitioners often believe it has religious support. Religious leaders take varying positions with regard to FGM: some promote it, some consider it irrelevant to religion, and others contribute to its elimination. In most societies, the procedure is considered a cultural tradition, which is often used as an argument for its continuation (WHO). Local structures of power and authority, such as community leaders, religious leaders, circumcisers, and even some medical personnel can contribute to upholding the practice. The age at which the procedure is performed varies depending on the ethnic group and location. It is sometimes performed on babies, more commonly on girls between ages 4 and 8, but also in adolescence, or as late as the time of marriage or during the first pregnancy. Adult women are under pressure to submit to it in order to ensure the status which marriage and childbearing confer and to demonstrate solidarity with fa mily and community. Younger women and girls have no choice at all (UNFPA). The Human Rights Commission of Ontario has successfully and forcefully used several arguments to make its case against the practice of FGM among minority communities living on Canadian territory. International Law: FGM has been condemned by numerous international and regional bodies including the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, the United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF), the Organization of African Unity and the World Medical Association. In 1995, the Platform for Action of the World Conference on Women in Beijing included a section on the girl child and urged governments, international organizations and Non-governmental groups to develop policies and programmes to eliminate all forms of discrimination against the girl child including FGM. The United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women defines violence against women as encompassing, inter alia, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women. The Commission underlines that in various African countries where the procedure is performed, comprehensive action plans have been developed by womens groups to attempt to eliminate the practice- although overall progress has been slow. FGM has been outlawed in Sudan since 1946, but it continues to be widely practised. In Burkina-Faso and Egypt, resolutions were signed by the respective Ministers of Health in 1959, recommending that only partial clitoridectomy be allowed, and decreeing that it be performed only by doctors. In 1978, as a direct result of the efforts of the Somali womens movement, Somalia established a Commission to abolish infibulation. In 1984, participants from twenty African countries, as well as representatives of international organizations attending a seminar in Dakar, Senegal, on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children and recommended that the practice be abolished. African states acknowledged that there was a need to establish strong, on-going education programmes for meaningful progress towards elimination of the practice. Rights of the Child: The policy points to the link between FGM and the rights of the child, saying that the Convention on the Rights of the Child asserts that children should have the possibility to develop physically in a healthy and normal way, with adequate medical attention and be protected from all forms of cruelty. The Convention establishes the rights of children to gender equality, to freedom from all forms of mental and physical violence and maltreatment and to the highest attainable standard of health. An article of the Convention explicitly requires States to take all effective and appropriate measures to abolish traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children. FGM and health rights: The physical and psychological health complications resulting from genital mutilation of women have been extensively documented. The partial or complete loss of sexual function constitutes a violation of a womans right to physical integrity and mental health. Domestic implications of international human rights law: the Commission argues that since Canada plays a prominent role in the international arena as a supporter and promoter of womens human rights and is a signatory to over twenty major international conventions and treaties, the province of Ontario would be in compliance with its obligations by taking steps to eradicate this practice. Domestic or national courts are required to interpret implementing legislation in conformity with international convention insofar as the domestic legislation permits. This is also the case in Europe where legislation prohibiting the practice of FGM exists in Sweden, France and Great Britain where the procedure carries a penalty of imprisonment. Criminal Law: The Criminal Code can be used to control the transportation of female children outside the country for the purpose of obtaining FGM. A memorandum was issued to all Chiefs of Police and the Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police, stating that FGM is a criminal offence. In 1997, FGM was included in the Criminal Code and put under aggravated assault- any person who commits an aggravated assault is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years. If a parent is present and is in agreement with the act of FGM being performed on their child as well as if the parent performs the operation themselves can be convicted. Duty to report: In Ontario, a duty to report FGM exists under the policy of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario (CPSO). Under the CPSO policy, the performance of female circumcision, excision, infibulation and/or reinfibulation by a physician licensed in Ontario, unless medically indicated, would be regarded as professional misconduct. Under Ontarios Child and Family Services Act,42 there is a duty to report information with respect to a child who is in need of protection. This duty exists despite the provisions of any other Act. If a person has reasonable grounds to suspect that a child is or may be in need of protection, the person is obliged to report the suspicion to appropriate authorities. The Ontario Human Rights Code: The Ontario Human Rights Code, recognizes the inherent worth and dignity of every person in Ontario. The creation of a society in which all persons can live and work in an environment that is free from discrimination is central to the policy objectives of the Ontario Human Rights Commission in virtue of the Code. There are new immigrants to Canada who may not be aware that some of their traditional or culturally rooted attitudes and values may result in practices that are clearly in conflict with Canadian law, including the Ontario Human Rights Code. FGM is practised within certain immigrant groups- where the families might not consider the operation as a form of physical or sexual abuse. The Commission does recognise the need to treat such issues in a sensitive manner and to educate the public on human rights issues. The need to work with communities: The Commission acknowledges the complex social and cultural roots of FGM and the need for dialogue and education initiatives within the at-risk communities in Ontario and across Canada. However, it is the Commissions view that arguments based on a defence of cultural or religious values should not be accepted as justification for the practice, nor for discriminating against women who have been subjected to, or perceived to have been subjected to, genital mutilation. The Commission is committed to working with members and organizations of the at-risk communities, as well as with other agencies in the public sector in developing public education initiatives around FGM. The efforts of the Commission, together with those of the affected communities and concerned organizations, can help to create an environment in which people are encouraged to eradicate the practice, without imposing a threat to the dignity and cultural identity of the affected communities. The Commissions focus is very correctly on eradicating FGM among immigrants in Toronto which are from the regions where FGM is practised. It is estimated that there are 70,000 immigrants and refugees from Somalia and 10,000 from Nigeria. Reliable statistics on the incidence of FGM are not available. However, based on discussions with members of the communities that are at risk, there is some evidence to indicate that FGM is practised in Ontario and across Canada and that in some cases, families from those communities send their daughters out of Canada to have the operation performed. The Commission is working with local non-governmental groups to spread the message. The National Organization of Immigrant and Visible Minority Women of Canada has prepared a workshop manual for health care workers and facilitators working with communities that have traditionally practised FGM. The aim is to educate participants about the health and legal consequences of FGM, to correct misperceptions and fallacies about the tradition and to support efforts to eradicate the practice. As there were no co-ordinated efforts between various professionals and institutions, and no consistent policy in Canada regarding FGM, members of affected communities requested that the Minister Responsible for Womens Issues establish an Ontario FGM Prevention Task Force. The Task Force, an inter-ministerial/agency/community initiative, was mandated to develop and recommend strategies and policies designed to provide support for girls and women who have been subjected to FGM, to prevent the practice, and to support community work by, and for women affected by genital mutilation. The focus is not on imposing a foreign value system (the concept of cultural imperialism) on societies in Africa etc. but asking immigrants and religious groups which have come to live in Canada to act in accordance with the countrys concerns about the health of women and their reproductive rights. The policy is therefore based around the idea of the empowerment of women and of ensuring an end to discrimination. The Commissions policy has had a direct impact on immigrant communities living in Ontario but also helped to publicise the problem in other parts of Canada and the world. In 1994, in a landmark ruling, Canada also became the first Western country to recognise FGM as grounds for granting asylum. The Human Rights Commission of Ontario has therefore taken a courageous and ground-breaking policy stance to tackle a serious violation of the rights of women.

Food Labeling :: essays research papers

Introduction There once was a time where words like "light" and "low-fat" on food packages that had no nutritional meaning. As a result, shoppers were often led to believe they were buying products that were more helpful than they really were. Nutrition panels on labels were also confusing and hard to read. But the Australia New Zealand Authority (ANZFA) changed all that. In March 2001 the ANZFA defined new standardized terms that appear on food labels such as "low-fat", "reduced" and "lean" to control how food manufacturers could put their facts that are relevant to most of our dietary needs. This meaning that food labeling helps consumers to make the best possible food choice. What is a food label? What is on a food label? A food label is a source of advertising a food product. Manufacturers try their best to make their product food label as attractive as possible, by using bright colours, bold text, food claims, and a lot of information. Too much information on a food label might have caused a lot of painful headaches for consumers; but it's all worth it, due to many health and nutrition problems. By law, manufacturers must abide by the standard code terms of what is put on their food label. By this, a food label must have no false claims or information, be in English and legible and easy to see. Also must contain a barcode, name of food, list of ingredients in descending order of weight, net weight, any additives in the food, country of origin, use of imported ingredients, name and address of manufacturer, date marking and nutrition panel if any claims are made. Food and Health claims Food claims seemed to be marketing for a manufacturer, but now it is a warning to a consumer's health. Some examples of claims are "low-fat", "lite", "light", "reduced", "%fat free" and "No added". The food industry is very keen to make health claims on food labels, and the ANZFA has considered lifting the ban that stops them from doing so. Many disagreeable claims are made regarding the ability of nutrients to prevent certain diseases. Food manufacturers are now only allowed to make the following well-established claims concerning relationships between diet and disease: ƒÞ Calcium and a reduced risk of osteoporosis. ƒÞ Fat and increased risk of cancer. ƒÞ Saturated fat and cholesterol and an increased risk of heart disease. ƒÞ Fiber and a reduced risk of cancer.

Interactive Training Modules in Microcontrolling and Microprocessing Essay

Computer Engineering Department lacks equipment when it comes to new kinds of microcontrollers and modules. Developing interactive training modules is our proposed solution to that problem. This interactive training module will be a medium to help students and enable them to get ideas on how to do their projects. This project presents the Interactive Training Modules for Microcontrolling and Microprocessing. It consists of combinations of different modules that are used for training that is available in the market and an interactive manual. The main objectives of this project is to have a low cost training module for Computer Engineering Department that can be used as an educational material in teaching basic microcontrolling and microprocessing to give the students ideas in creating their own projects. The interactive training modules will consist a microcontroller and different types of sensors, input/output devices, motors, and communication modules. Each module will have several easy to understand educational experiments and other using the combination of different modules. The interactive manual will contain all the instructions for the experiment, information about the microcontroller and other details that can be very helpful for the user of the trainer. A Gizduino (Arduino based microcontroller) will be used for this project because of being a low-cost microcontroller and easy to understand programming language which is C-based. We decided to purchase a ready made and low cost trainer that is easy to use and will have an additional feature like having a Ethernet Shield that can be used in controlling other modules. B. Statement of the problem The proponents aim to present the general problem and specific problems. Microprocessing and Microcontrolling have become important over a wide range of applications from hobby, manufacturing, surgery until to the handling of hazardous materials. Consequently, it’s important to understand how they work, and what problems exist in designing effective project interactive training modules. In designing interactive training modules, we must understand it requires a lot of knowledge and basic information about the modules. From other research and studies, there are several problems statements that are clarify and noticed †¢Cost Initially, the cost for purchasing an interactive training module is very expensive. A quality and suitable materials for this project will cost a lot of budget and it’s clearly not affordable. This will cause a difficulty for educational purposes and many students and instructors will find lots of difficulties in doing their studies and research. Thus this project will help them to deliver a better understanding about the basic operation and functions of a Microprocessor and Microcontroller. †¢Hardware system To construct a interactive module, there are few procedures to be considered which are process etching, installating component, soldering process, testing and troubleshooting. If the constructed circuit does not function, troubleshooting must be done, thus it needs a lot of focus and knowledge about circuit process. †¢System integration Technically, it is always difficult to integrate the hardware and software. There are many ways to integrate the system to function according to instructions that are given. Loads of research and studies must be done in order to achieve the expected result for this project. Also this study provides answers to the following questions: †¢What are the problems encountered by the students and instructors in using the existing instructional tools available for the Computer Engineering Department? †¢What are the solutions that can be provided to address the problems? C. Objectives of the study The objectives of this project are: i.To have an up-to-date and low cost training module that can be used by the Computer Engineering students. ii.To produce an interactive training manual as a guide for educational purpose. iii.To build and develop both the training modules hardware and software system that could be integrated to support the application system of a basic microcontroller and microprocessor. D. Scope and Delimitation Basically the scope of this project will be the following: i.Doing research and development for the project. ii.Gathering informative source about the topic from multiple source such as books, journals, internet and also magazines. iii.Start developing and installing the materials for the hardware. iv.Integrating the developed hardware and software. v.Doing performance testing to the developed project. E. Significance of the Study This project would be beneficial for the following: i.Instructors: It will provide sample in discussing how to create projects that need microcontrolling and microprocessing, it can also be used as an instructional tool for the laboratory experiments on employing effective learning in their class. ii.Students: It will serve as a basis of reference for conducting study and a way of training themselves in basic microcontrolling and microprocessing. iii.Campus: It will provide better method of teaching new technologies to Computer Engineering students. iv.Researchers: It will serve as a future reference on the subject of Microcontroller and Microprocessor. F. Definition of Terms Arduino – is an open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy to use hardware and software. Ethernet – is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs). Interactive – Accepting input from a human. Interactive computer systems are programs that allow users to enter data or commands. Most popular programs, such as word processors and spreadsheet applications. Microcontroller – A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated  µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Microprocessor – incorporates the functions of a computer’s central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. It is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. Module – A self-contained assembly of electronic components and circuitry, such as a stage in a computer that is installed as a unit. Motor – A device that converts any form of energy into mechanical energy, especially an internal-combustion engine or an arrangement of coils and magnets that converts electric current into mechanical power. Sensors – A sensor (also called detector) is a converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an (today mostly electronic) instrument.

Journal of a Foreign Descendant

The thesis in the book suggests the idea that all people of African descent in distributed in the Americas as well the rest of the world should -in the face of the inaccurate misrepresentation and portrayal of the continent, and the cynical disengagement being practiced in the west -try to go to Africa and get the rich experiences that the continent has to offer. The book is mainly directed to two audiences: The academicians and the general public. The book deals with two main extremist views of Africa. The Eurocentric view of Africa portrays it as being mostly Jungle, uncivilized and inhabited by sub humans. The other extremist view is that of those that think that Africa is the answer to all the problems afflicting the people of African descent. Television programs generally go to the very rural areas -indeed there are some very rural areas -in the different parts of the continent, they videotape these peoples way of life, and then show only that on television. The ordinary TV watcher is only exposed to what is televised hence the development of the Eurocentric view of Africa. The author supports him theme in a variety of ways. He believes that people of African Descent have a lot to learn from the continent of Africa. One such lesson is the virtue of honesty. The author supports this by giving us an example of Geoffrey Black. While Mr. Black got into an argument with the taxi driver and declined to give him some extra money, The taxi driver returned his expensive camera, which he had forgotten in the cab. The author also Emphasized on the distinctive African work ethics, conservation and communal sense of responsibility. The Africans believe that resources -like water – are not to be wasted. Furthermore, everyone has a role to play in the society as a whole. Consequently, each person performs his or her duties without having to be pushed around. If there is work to b done, someone does it. Fathers also take their responsibilities as parents seriously. Miss Vida Dzobo, a lady who sold out her personal belongings to start up a school demonstrated citizen responsibility in contributing towards the development of the rather than waiting for the government to do so. In addition, the author did not fail to recognize the kindness and hospitality of the African people both by Rev Ghalas' family and also through the Egyptian lady in Asmara who spread a blanket for them and gave them food. One very enriching experienced and lesson acquired is in the book is â€Å"the secret of life† as put by the author. The author in his life as a Christian and historian was impressed, overwhelmed and touched all at the same time by his experience in Ghana at the Leprosium and Podue. The author due to the lack of handicapped accessible buildings witnessed a physically challenged man struggle up the stairs to attend the church. Moreover, The church was filled with lepers who were joyfully praising God despite their suffering. This particular incident showed that life is mush more than material things. On the flip side of the authors theme of corporation between Africans and Africans in Diaspora, the Africans have a lot to gain from the People of African descent. As Dan Hoffman said, Africa had contributed greatly to the development of the Americas and have much more to contribute now both in natural resources and others ways. The author went ahead to give us examples how and where Africans could use some help. He noted that it is in Africa that the greatest human drama had occurred in the late twentieth century. People were dying due to the widespread civil wars among the Africans. As The author put it â€Å"Just as Eastern Europe is demanding democratic reforms, the same dynamic is being played out upon the African continent† The people of Africa are also perishing because from hunger yet the land is richly endowed with natural resources. As the author went through Egypt, he realized that though they were called deserts, â€Å"Arizona, California, and Nevada have nothing equal to the piles of pure white sand that seems to have had all the signs of vitality bleached out by the rays o the sun†. The African farmers need help in such areas as farming tools and equipment as well as the technology and know how that is so richly prevalent in the west in order to adequately feed the people. In addition, the continent of Africa has its hare of political problems. In Nigeria for example, as witnessed by the author, was not politically stable because of the military rulers had strained the public with their policies. The Bureaucracy in Ghana had engulfed the system made a simple process a whole stressful situation all in the name of creating jobs for people. Generally many African nations have not had good leaders. The past leaders have only dwelled on enriching themselves and exploited the citizens while in their positions rather than improving the county's systems. Examples include Mobutu Sese Seco of former Zaire now the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the well-known tyrant Idi Amin Dada of Uganda. With the exception of a few countries such as South Africa and Egypt, the infrastructure in most African countries is not developed. The Africans could use help in his area. Educated and skilled people of African descent should come together and assist in the improvement of the roads, the sewage systems, and provision of clean water. Unfortunately, as the author traveled to and from Ho and Ogun, he experienced first hand what badly maintained roads could lead to. There is a potential for the African people as well as African American people to gain if they cooperate. The author does well in his recommendation that more African Americans travel to the continent Africa. I concur with the author in his idea that all people of African descent should be concerned about Africa just like Jewish Americans are concerned about the middle east and just as the polish Americans are concerned about Poland. As the Africans benefit from the new technology from the Africans in the west, the people of African descent will also gain valuable virtues that were extorted from them during the institution of slavery. They should therefore at least give traveling to Africa a try than just fully agreeing with the distorted view of Africa in the west. Consequently, rather than try to alienate themselves from anything to do with Africa as they have for a long time been conditioned, they will instead be able to appreciate their land of origin. This will bring out the best in them that has been hidden for an incredibly long time.